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<title>Open range</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Open range</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Open_range_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Open range (disambiguation)">Open range (disambiguation)</a>.</div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a>.</div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Red_Desert_(Wyoming)" title="Red Desert (Wyoming)">Red Desert</a> rangeland in <a href="Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Open Range sign along southbound <a href="U.S._Route_93" title="U.S. Route 93">U.S. Route 93</a> in <a href="Lincoln_County%2C_Nevada" title="Lincoln County, Nevada">Lincoln County, Nevada</a>.</div></div></div></div></div>

<p>In the <a href="Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a> and <a href="Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Canada</a>, <b>open range</b> is <a href="Rangeland" title="Rangeland">rangeland</a> where <a href="Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> roam freely regardless of land ownership. Where there are "open range" laws, those wanting to keep animals off their property must erect a <a href="Fence" title="Fence">fence</a> to keep animals out; this applies to public roads as well. Land in open range that is designated as part of a "herd district" reverses liabilities, requiring an animal's owner to fence it in or otherwise keep it on the person's own property.<sup id="cite_ref-herdis_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herdis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most <a href="Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">eastern states</a> and jurisdictions in Canada require owners to fence in or herd their livestock.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_practice">History and practice</h2></div>

<p>The Western open-range tradition originated from the early practice of unregulated <a href="Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> of livestock in the newly acquired <a href="Wild_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild West"> western territories</a> of the United States and Canada. These practices were eventually codified in the laws of many Western US states as they developed written statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-orlaw_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, as the Western lands became more populated and more developed (through railroads, mining, farming, etc.), open-range laws began to be challenged and were significantly curtailed, though they still exist in certain areas of most Western US states and Canadian provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-orlaw_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open-range conditions existed in Western Canada prior to the 1889 amendments of the <i><a href="Dominion_Lands_Act" title="Dominion Lands Act">Dominion Lands Act</a></i>, which prohibited cattle from grazing on unleased land, though the practice did not disappear immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Open-range management has also been practiced in other areas, including the <a href="Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and some Eastern US states, such as <a href="South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> during the colonial period.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbudans_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbudans-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice was also widespread in <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and some argue that the Mexican tradition may have been the predecessor to open-range practices in the American West,<sup id="cite_ref-orlaw_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> much of which was part of Mexico prior to the 1840s. American ranchers borrowed many other cattle-raising techniques from Mexico.

</p><p>Unlike the Eastern United States, the Western <a href="Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a> of the 19th century were vast, undeveloped, and uncultivated. The land was also generally much more arid, with scarce, widely separated sources of water. Until the invention of <a href="Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">barbed wire</a> in the 1870s, it was more practical to fence the livestock out of developed land, rather than to fence it in.<sup id="cite_ref-orlaw_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the United States government acquired Western territories by purchasing, conquest, and treaty, land not yet placed into private ownership was publicly owned and freely available for grazing cattle, though conflicting land-claims and periodic warfare with <a href="Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States"> Native Americans</a> placed some practical limits on grazing areas at various times.

</p><p>Free-roaming range cattle were calved, moved between grazing lands, and <a href="Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States"> driven</a> to market by <a href="Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboys</a>. <a href="Branding_(livestock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Branding (livestock)">Brands</a> on cattle marked who owned them.<sup id="cite_ref-orlaw_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unbranded cattle, known as "<a href="Maverick_(animal)" title="Maverick (animal)">mavericks</a>", could become the property of anyone able to capture and brand them.

</p><p>The invention of barbed wire in the 1870s made it easier to confine cattle to designated areas, which helped to prevent <a href="Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> of the range, and made fencing huge expanses cheaper than hiring cowboys to handle cattle. In <a href="Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and surrounding areas, rapid population growth required ranchers to fence off their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-MaloneJ76_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaloneJ76-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This initially brought considerable drama to the Western <a href="Rangeland" title="Rangeland">rangelands</a>. Indiscriminate fencing of federal lands was commonplace in the 1880s, often without any regard to land ownership or other public needs, such as mail delivery and movement of other kinds of livestock. Various state statutes, as well as <a href="Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">vigilantism</a> during the so-called <a href="Fence_Cutting_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Fence Cutting War">Fence Cutting Wars</a>, tried to enforce or combat fence-building, with varying success. In 1885 U.S. federal legislation outlawed the enclosure of public land. By 1890 illegal fencing had been mostly removed.<sup id="cite_ref-orlaw_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the north, overgrazing stressed the open range, leading to insufficient winter <a href="Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> for cattle and their subsequent starvation, particularly during the harsh <a href="Winter_of_1886%E2%80%931887" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter of 1886–1887">winter of 1886–1887</a>, when severely overgrazed rangelands combined with unusually cold temperatures killed hundreds of thousands of cattle. This was called the <a href="Big_Die-Up" title="Big Die-Up">Big Die-Up</a> by ranchers and across the northern plains, led to the sudden collapse of the <a href="Cattle_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle industry">cattle industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malone79_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone79-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1890s, barbed-wire fencing had become standard on the northern plains, railroads had expanded to cover most of the U.S., and meatpacking plants were being built closer to major ranching areas, making long cattle drives from Texas to the railheads in <a href="Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> unnecessary. The age of the open range was over and large cattle-drives were no more.<sup id="cite_ref-Malone79_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone79-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, independently-owned ranches multiplied all over the developing West.<sup id="cite_ref-Malone&Roeder_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone&Roeder-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h2></div>

<p>Where there are "open range" laws, people wanting to keep animals off their property must erect a legal <a href="Fence" title="Fence">fence</a> to keep animals out, as opposed to the "herd district" where an animal's owner must fence it in or otherwise keep it on the person's own property. Most <a href="Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">eastern states</a> and jurisdictions in Canada require owners to fence in or herd their livestock. Many states in the west, e.g. Texas,<sup id="cite_ref-Texas_Farm_Bureau_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas_Farm_Bureau-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are at least nominally still open-range states.

</p><p>In modern times, free roaming cattle can be a nuisance and danger in developed areas. Most western states, even those that are nominally open at the state level, now limit open range to certain areas.<sup id="cite_ref-aror_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aror-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Texas_Farm_Bureau_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Texas_Farm_Bureau-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under open range law today, if livestock break through a "legal fence" (defined by law in terms of height, materials, post spacing, etc.), then the livestock owner is liable for damages of the fenced property. Conversely, the livestock owner is not liable in the absence of the "legal fence." An exception exists for "unruly" animals, usually meaning breeding bulls and stallions, which are supposed to be restricted by the owner.<sup id="cite_ref-orlaw_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlaw-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On roadways within an open range area, in a cow-car collision on a roadway, the rancher was at one time not generally liable,<sup id="cite_ref-aror_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aror-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but recent law changes beginning in the 1980s gradually increased rancher liability, first requiring cattle be kept off federal highways, then other developed roads, and in some cases, limited open range grazing only to certain times of the year. In some states, such as Montana, <a href="Case_law" title="Case law">case law</a> on the open range has, for all practical purposes, eliminated it altogether, though statutes may remain on the books. Today, a vehicle has a much higher chance of hitting a wild animal than livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-aror_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aror-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Laws are still in flux. In <a href="Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, livestock must be fenced in within <a href="Municipal_corporation" title="Municipal corporation">incorporated areas</a>, but are still listed only as a potential nuisance for unincorporated suburbs.<sup id="cite_ref-aror_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aror-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, in that state, bills were being pushed to get rid of this "antiquated" law. Those opposing the legislation said that "eliminating the law would put undue hardship on ranchers.<sup id="cite_ref-aror_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aror-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the law has sometimes been settled via legal action. In <a href="Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, the <a href="Montana_Supreme_Court" title="Montana Supreme Court">Montana Supreme Court</a> in the decision <i>Larson-Murphy v. Steiner</i>, for a short time effectively eliminated some aspects of the open range doctrine altogether, though stating that it still applied in other cases, and required legislative action to update the state's statutes to ameliorate some inconsistent provisions of the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that decision, the Court overturned a 33-year-old <a href="Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a> that had exempted livestock owners from most liability for wandering stock on roadways (other than certain state and federal highways built with federal funds), holding there was "no duty" to motorists under open range doctrine, in <i>Larson-Murphy v. Steiner', the Court held that there was a relationship between livestock owners and motorists on public roads, allowing motorists a cause of action for accidents involving wandering livestock on grounds of negligence. The Montana legislature then amended the statutes governing the open range to impose liability on livestock owners to motorists only for negligence.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>

</p><p>On roads in <a href="Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>, an open-range state, <a href="Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> have the right of way: if an animal is hit and killed by a vehicle, the driver is liable for the price of the animal and for the repair for the damage to the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-herdis_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herdis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Idaho counties can and have created herd districts, which require livestock owners to "build and maintain adequate fences to keep their animals off roads and neighboring properties"; in herd districts, the livestock owner is liable.<sup id="cite_ref-herdis_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-herdis-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext"><i>Waiting for a Chinook,</i> by <a href="Charles_Marion_Russell" title="Charles Marion Russell">C.M. Russell</a>. Overgrazing and harsh winters were factors that brought an end to the age of the open range.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Cowboys branding a calf in <a href="South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> in 1888.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A cowboy holding a lasso at a cattle roundup on the open range in Kansas, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr>1902.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">A Safety Barb Wire advertisement.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Cattle on a mining road in southern California.</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Loose cattle on <a href="Utah_State_Route_313" title="Utah State Route 313">Utah State Route 313</a></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_range" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Open range">Open range</a></span>.</div></div>

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<ul><li><a href="Agricultural_fencing" title="Agricultural fencing">Agricultural fencing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drives in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li>

<li><a href="Drift_fence" title="Drift fence">Drift fence</a></li>

<li><a href="Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a> (England)</li>

<li><a href="History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">History of agriculture in the United States</a></li>

<li><a href="Muster_(livestock)" title="Muster (livestock)">Roundup</a></li>

<li><a href="Range_war" title="Range war">Range war</a></li>

<li><a href="Sheep_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep Wars">Sheep Wars</a></li>

<li><a href="Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2014" class="citation web cs1">Matthews, Mychel (October 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://magicvalley.com/news/local/herd-districts-protect-drivers-in-an-open-range-state/article_971e93da-90eb-5560-a04f-f3d4edc3b78b.html">"Herd Districts Protect Drivers in an Open Range State"</a>. <a href="Times-News_(Idaho)" title="Times-News (Idaho)">Twin Falls Times-News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-30</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-orlaw-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orlaw_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlaw_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlaw_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlaw_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlaw_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlaw_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlaw_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon Morris Bakken (ed.), "Law in the western United States", 2000, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-8061-3215-9</bdi>, Chapter 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zjHQWyttp6QC&dq=%22open-range+law%22&pg=PA72">"Open Range Law in the American West"</a>, by Roy H. Andes</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMacLachlan2006" class="citation journal cs1">MacLachlan, Ian (2006). "The Historical Development of Cattle Production in Canada". University of Lethbridge. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10133%2F303">10133/303</a>.</cite> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)</span></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Barbudans-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barbudans_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSluyter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Sluyter, Andrew (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/geoanth_pubs/29">"The Role of Black Barbudans in the Establishment of Open-Range Cattle Herding in the Colonial Caribbean and South Carolina"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Historical Geography</i>. <b>35</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">330–</span>49. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhg.2008.08.003">10.1016/j.jhg.2008.08.003</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162300236">162300236</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPotterSluyter2010" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, Amy E.; Sluyter, Andrew (2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/geoanth_pubs/24">"Renegotiating Barbuda's Commons: Recent Changes in Barbudan Open-Range Cattle Herding"</a></span>. <i>Journal of Cultural Geography</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>50. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08873631.2010.494404">10.1080/08873631.2010.494404</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144341713">144341713</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-MaloneJ76-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MaloneJ76_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malone, John William. <i>An Album of the American Cowboy.</i> New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1971. SBN: 531-01512-2, p. 76</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Anderson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_Terry_LeeLeal,_Donald2001" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Terry Lee & Leal, Donald (2001). <i>Free Market Environmentalism</i>. 0-312-23503-8. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Malone79-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malone79_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malone79_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Malone, John William. <i>An Album of the American Cowboy.</i> New York: Franklin Watts, Inc., 1971. SBN: 531-01512-2. p. 79.</span>

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Malone, Michael P., and Richard B. Roeder. <i>Montana: A History of Two Centuries</i>. University of Washington Press; Revised edition, 1991. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-295-97129-0</bdi>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-295-97129-2</bdi>.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Texas_Farm_Bureau-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Texas_Farm_Bureau_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Texas_Farm_Bureau_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texasfarmbureau.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/FiveStrands_Bradbury-min.pdf">"Five Strands: A Landowner's Guide to Fence Law in Texas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Texas Farm Bureau</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-aror-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aror_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aror_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aror_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aror_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aror_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/12/us/12cattle.html">"Arizona Rethinking Open Range Laws"</a>, by Marc Lacey, <i><a href="New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, October 11, 2010</span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=17036825125432868216&hl=en&as_sdt=2&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr"><i>Larson-Murphy v. Steiner</i>, Google Scholar</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 81-4-215, MCA (2003)</span>

</li>

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